Problems of Process Control

Chemical Engineering Department Subject: Process Control for undereducated students Instructor: Dr. Karima Marogi Typical Questions & Answers Process Control Problems Problem (1) Solution a) Energy balance for the thermocouple, where m is mass of thermocouple C is heat capacity of thermocouple h is heat transfer coefficient A is surface area of thermocouple t is time in sec Substituting numerical values in (1) and noting that Taking Laplace transform, Problem (2) A thermometer having a time constant of 0. min is placed in a temperature bath and after the thermometer comes to equilibrium with the bath, the temperature of the bath is increased linearly with time at the rate of I deg C / min what is the difference between the indicated temperature and bath temperature (a) 0. 1 min (b) 10. min after the change in temperature begins. (c) What is the maximum deviation between the indicated temperature and bath temperature and when does it occurs. (d) plot the forcing function and the respo nse on the same graph. After the long enough time buy how many minutes does the response lag the input?Solution Consider thermometer to be in equilibrium with temperature bath at temperature (a) the difference between the indicated temperature and bath temperature Problem (3) Determine the transfer function H(s)/Q(s) for the liquid level shown in figure below Resistance R1 and R2 are linear. The flow rate from tank 3 is maintained constant at b by means of a pump; the flow rate from tank 3 is independent of head h. The tanks are non-interacting. Solution and balance on tank 3 gives writing the steady state equation Subtracting and writing in terms of deviation Taking Laplace transformsWe have three equations and 4 unknowns (Q(s),H(s),H1(s) and H2(s). So we can express one in terms of other. From (1) Combining equation 4,5,6 Problem (4) Determine Y (4) for the system response expressed by Problem (5) Heat transfer equipment shown in fig. consists of tow tanks, one nested inside the o ther. Heat is transferred by convection through the wall of inner tank. 1. Hold up volume of each tank is 1 ft3 2. The cross sectional area for heat transfer is 1 ft2 3. The overall heat transfer coefficient for the flow of heat between the tanks is 10 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(oF) 4. Heat capacity of fluid in each tank is 2 Btu/(lb)(oF) 5.Density of each fluid is 50 lb/ft3 Initially the temp of feed stream to the outer tank and the contents of the outer tank are equal to 100 oF. Contents of inner tank are initially at 100 oF. the flow of heat to the inner tank (Q) changed according to a step change from 0 to 500 Btu/hr. (a) Obtain an expression for the laplace transform of the temperature of inner tank T(s). (b) Invert T(s) and obtain T for t= 0,5,10, U Solution (a)For outer tank Substituting numerical values Now Ti(s) = 0, since there is no change in temp of feed stream to outer tank. Which gives For inner tank Problem (6)The input (e) to a PI controller is shown in the fig. Plot the output o f the controller if KC = 2 and XI = 0. 5 min Solution Problem (7) The thermal system shown in fig P 13. 6 is controlled by PD controller. Data; w = 250 lb/min; ? = 62. 5 lb/ft3; V1 = 4 ft3, V2=5 ft3; V3=6ft3; C = 1 Btu/(lb)(Â °F) Change of 1 psi from the controller changes the flow rate of heat of by 500 Btu/min. the temperature of the inlet stream may vary. There is no lag in the measuring element. (a) Draw a block diagram of the control system with the appropriate transfer function in each block. Each transfer function should contain a numerical values of the parameters. b) From the block diagram, determine the overall transfer function relating the temperature in tank 3 to a change in set point. (c ) Find the offset for a unit steo change in inlet temperature if the controller gain KC is 3psi/Â °F of temperature error and the derivative time is 0. 5 min. Fig. (1) (b) Problem (8) for the control shown, the characteristics equation is s 4 +4 s3 +6 s 2 +4 s +(1 + k) =0 (a) Determi ne value of k above which the system is unstable. (b) Determine the value of k for which the two of the roots are on the imaginary axis. Solution s 4 +4 s3 +6 s 2 +4 s +(1 + k) =0 For the system to be unstable

Creation Myth Compare and Contrast

Usually, creation myths have a lot of similarities and seem to convey the same message. A creation myth is a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it. There are many different creation myths that have been passed down from generation to generation and in â€Å"Enuma Elish† â€Å"Osiris, Isis and Horus† and â€Å"Genesis† you are able to see just how similar they are, but also slight different. One of the first things you will notice in these myths is that they are all based on gods.Each myth has an evil entity that helps set the myth to tell a story on what happened and to get the message across. Each evil entity plays a big part in the myth and eventually loses the battle to show that good always prevails.1. Osiris, Isis and Horus – Set was the son of Geb and Nut who chose to be born on the third day. Set was aggressive from the very beginning choosing the time and manner of his birth. Osiris became king of Upper a nd Lower Egypt. Set wanted to take over the country and established a plan to trick Osiris by showing a beautiful wooden box during the feast.Set said that anyone who can fit in the box perfectly was able to keep the box – little did everyone know that Set secretly measured the box to fit Osiris. Once Osiris had his turn to fit in the box, it was nailed shut with him inside. They then poured melted lead to make sure that he suffocated. Isis eventually was able to bring Osiris back to life and in the mean time their son, Horus, was born. Horus was born to avenge his father’s death and kill Set. Isis would not allow Horus to kill Set, so they battled each other, and Horus won each time.2. Enuma Elish – Tiamat was encouraged by her son Kingu to seek revenge her children to avenge the death of Apsu and for creating a fourfold wind that kept them awake and disturbed their bodies. Tiamat created monsters to help her win this battle against the other gods, but they had something else in mind. They made Marduk fight the battle against Tiamat because the others were not strong enough and Marduk was the wisest and strongest of all of the gods. Marduk won the battle against Tiamat and killed her to make the heavens and the earth from her body.3. Genesis – The evil entity in Genesis is the serpent that convinces Eve to eat the apple off of the tree of wisdom. God specifically told Adam and Eve not to eat this fruit as it was forbidden. Eve gave in and ate the fruit and then had Adam do the same. Because of the serpent, Adam and Eve ate the fruit and they were all punished and put out of the Garden of Eden. As you can see, each myth’s evil entity lost their battle during the story. None of them achieved what they wanted to, which shows that good always overcomes evil, even though there are conflicts raised from it.Sometimes you have to fight for what you know is right, but eventually, the good always shines. Enuma Elish and Genesis are mo st similar in a few different ways. With these myths, you are really able to tell that most creation myths are a foundation on the way different cultures are made up. Some of the similarities between Enuma Elish and Genesis are;1. Both myths imply that there was nothing in the beginning. In Genesis it states, â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. † The myth of Enuma Elish starts by stating â€Å"In the beginning, only water and the mist that hovered above it existed. † As you can see, both myths beginning started with nothing until the Gods created something.2. The Enuma Elish is recorded on seven tablets where as Genesis states that everything was created in seven days.3. In both myths, water is divided into upper and lower waters.Both of these creation myths have a similar beginning as well as a similar plot †“ they both created human life to worship God and the gods, to serve them. Both had an evil entity in them that tried to cause chaos to the gods. Although I do think that all three myths are very similar, I believe that Enuma Elish is most different from Osiris, Isis and Horus. The difference between the two is shown when it comes to the creation of the world around them. The difference between the two myths is;1. In Osiris, Isis and Horus doesn’t mention anything about the creation of the heavens, earth, etc.  in the beginning.The myth starts out with the parent’s of Osiris and Isis and the story of how Nut was not allowed to give birth in any month of any year.2. The beginning of the the Enuma Elish starts out with what all existed and how the waters were split between gods.Each myth has a lot of similarities as well as differences but they each tell a story on how things were created. All of the myths had gods that tried to do good for the other gods and had an evil entity try to change that. Each of the explained how good will always outweigh evil even though evil is always in the world.

The Engines Impact on Society essays

The Engines Impact on Society essays We were asked to explore the impact of a single social or cultural innovation on any society, as a whole, being free to choose any innovation that interested us. The internal combustion engine is being used today in thousands of different products around the world today. From automobiles, to oil pumps, to generators for houses. Different forms of the engine are being used, like the 2-stroke and the 4-stroke engines. Basically, a 4-stroke works like this: 1.) The intake valve opens in the piston and allows a gas/air mixture to enter the cylinder. 2.) When the mixture is completely in the cylinder, the crankshaft compresses, or smashes, the mixture and ignites it with the sparkplug. 3.) The explosion from the mixture, around 3 tons of force, propels the crankshaft back down, providing the kinetic energy. 4.) The Exhaust valve opens and releases the spent mixtures components. Harold T. Glenn, in his book Exploring Power Mechanics states that this sequence of events is known as the 4-stroke cycle because of the four strokes involved. *** Marshall Brain, in his article in How The Car Works states that the concept is similar to a the mechanics of a cannon. Load the cannon with powder, put a cannon ball on the top, and ignite the powder. The resulting explosion is similar to what happens in an engine . *** Another example that Marshall Brain mentions is the concept of a potato gun. If you were to cap a 3 inch plumbing pipe with an igniter attached, sprayed some WD-40 in one end and a potato in the other, the ignited the WD-40 would explode and force the potato out at a great velocity. The gasoline engine doesnt operate much different than this. The gasoline/air mixture is the WD-40, the igniter is the sparkplug, and the plumbing pipe the engines cylinder. *** In the American culture the internal combustion engine has played a very specific role in most aspects of our liv...

The Veterans Health Care System

The Veterans Health Care System Free Online Research Papers In the mid-1990s, the Veterans Healthcare System (VHA) appeared to be in deep crisis. A large number of its hospital beds were vacant. National reviews demonstrated that majority of VHA surgeons had not picked up a scalpel for the whole year. The veteran population was decreasing harshly, as Korean War and World War II veteran soldiers continued to die. All at once, a mass relocation of veterans from the Snowbelt to the Sunbelt hospitals in Tampa, for instance, with new patients, whilst those in cities like Pittsburgh had quarter of vacant beds. Numerous physicians saw that the VHA’s ingrained bureaucracy had to be overturned. A fundamental downsizing and decentralization of administration power was run, pay-for-performance agreements with top managers were put into practice, and ineffectual physicians were allowed to be fired. The VHA also was transformed from an acute care, hospice-based structure into one that placed a lot more supplies into primary care and outpatient examinations for the increasing number of aging vets overwhelmed with chronic diseases. A foremost change in healthcare within the VHA took place in 1996 when Congress approved the Veteran’s Health Care Eligibility Reform Act of 1996, Public Law 104-262. The law established a standard medical-benefits package that became accessible to all registered veteran patients. Once entitled veterans are registered in the system, they are consigned a priority group. Services provided and the amount enclosed can fluctuate among various priority groups. By 1998, Dr. Kenneth Kizer’s (who was at the root of VHA’s transformation) unexpected result of the VHA’s change in functioning structure was already bringing him management expert rank in a time in which management experts were almost demigods. However, the most remarkable changes of the Veterans Healthcare System did not just engross those trendy, 1990s suggestions as downsizing and decentralization. It also entailed a fascination with methodically progressing quality and safety that to till present time is still mostly absent throughout other private healthcare organizations. Improvements in VHA have absolutely affected the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization. One of the benefits of the new system is that physicians are now able to write down their orders into computers. The computerized system instantly verifies any order against the veteran patient’s account. If the physician working with a patient have advised a wrong recipe of drugs or disregarded the patient’s preceding allergic reaction to a medicine, the computer flings a red flag. Afterward, when hospital pharmacists look at those prescriptions, the automatic system produces a bar code that is on the container or intravenous bag and records what the drug is, whom it is prescribed for, when it should be managed, in what dosage, and by which patient. One of the veterans, Jack Robertson, who is enrolled in VHA system, says there are numerous benefits with this new system. He tells that each patient now has got an ID armlet with his own bar code, as well as each nurse. Before providing any medicine, a nurse first examines the patient’s ID armlet, then her one, and then the bar code on the drug prescribed. If she has the wrong patient or the wrong medicine, the computer will tell her. The laptop will also generate a report if the nurse is delayed administering a drug, and telling you were simply too busy is not a justification, says Roberson. In his opinion, this ID armlet system also diminishes the possibility of administering the wrong medicine to the wrong patient, and in the wrong dosage, as it could happen before. Besides these evident benefits in making right diagnoses, it also helps both patients and hospital workers not to spend unbearably long hours coping with paperwork and other formalities. One doctor working at both usual hospital and the VA Medical Center informs that he is able to observe as many patients in a few hours at the VHA hospital as he is able the entire day at the usual hospital. Jack Robertson is especially satisfied with the feature that anyone registered in the VHA will have access to his or her personal entire medical records from a home laptop, or give authorization to others to do so. â€Å"Consider what this means,† tells Robertson. â€Å"Say my son is living on the West Coast, and he calls me, who lives back East. He asks me to tell him what my physician said during at my last appointment and I certainly speak unclearly something about some blue and white pills that were prescribed to me. However, now my son is able to supervise my medical records, and be aware precisely of what medicines I am supposed to take and what my current health conditions is.† The same scheme reminds physicians to stipulate proper care for veterans when they leave the hospital, for example, beta blockers for heart attack patients, or eye examinations for diabetes victims. It also helps to keep track of which patients are in line for a breast cancer monitoring, a flu shot, or other recorded care a job almost impossible to succeed in using paper records. One more benefit of computerized records became evident when the medicine-producer Merck declared a recall of its accepted arthritis drug, Vioxx. The VHA was competent to instantly discover which of the patients used this medicine at the moment, and to change the drug for less hazardous substitutes quite quickly. Likewise, in the center of a countrywide scarcity of flu vaccine, the automatic system has also made possible for the VHA to recognize, almost instantaneously, those patients who are in utmost need of a flu shot and to ensure those veterans to have precedence. Mr. Robertson also said that one veteran friend of his a person with a cancer who had been in and out of nursing homes gladly stated that he became ahead of other 5,000 patients for a flu shot. He was very content that his VHA hospital informed him that he was eligible, and made it possible for him to make necessary procedures on time. Therefore, VHA is a seriously advancing public health system and it guarantees to provide local pharmacies with much more business, since more and more patients are prescribed drugs to control their chronic diseases. However, projections illustrate that, between 2005 and 2009, the proposal cost local hospitals about $8 million in lost revenue, and cut the wages of the county’s physicians by about $1.5 million. An optimistic dedication to superior services in healthcare does not pay the bills. These days, the program survives barely by attracting charitable support, and, lately, a $500,000 endowment from Congress. For medical providers outside the VHA structure, advancing service quality seldom makes economic sense. True, a hospital can have a business case for buying the newest, most costly imaging devices. The equipment will facilitate in attracting a lot of highly-credentialed physicians to the hospital who will take lots of customers with them. The equipment will also encourage stacks of new demand for hospital services by hoisting all kinds of alleged â€Å"pseudo-diseases.† These are numerous ambiguous, symptomless conditions, such as petite, slow-growing cancers, that persons would never have become aware of in another case since they would have long since passed away because of something else. However, funding any machinery that eventually serves to decrease hospital admissions, like an automatic medical records scheme that allows more efficient illness supervision and diminishes medical mistakes, is probable to take money directly from the bottom line. So, why the Veterans Healthcare System is considered the most efficient and effective in the nation? Primarily, because it is such an outlier in its loyalty to quality. To some extent, it’s because of well-timed, compelling leadership. Further, unlike practically all other healthcare organizations in the United States, VHA has a basically lifetime connection with its customers. Veterans do not change one health plan for another every few years. They establish a relationship with the Veterans Healthcare System in their early teen years, and it goes on. Consequently, the VHA in fact has a motivation to put in effort to prevent and more efficiently and effectively manage diseases. In doing so, it leads not only to saving customers’ money but also to getting the most out of its own resources. Furthermore, since VHA is not a profit maximizer, it has no need to be worried about innovative technologies or innovative practices that keep people well. It also does not make sense for VHA to screech for ultra-modern devices that in fact do not develop the system’s quality or efficiency of care. VHA has proven itself to be a well-defined system, and it continues to act like that. It can methodically handle customer safety issues. It can methodically administer data using standard policies and interfaces. It can methodically advance and put into practice evidence-based principles of care. It can methodically identify where its care system requires enhancement and implement corrective actions. In summary, it can accomplish what the majority of our healthcare organizations appear not to, that is to practice quality methodically without risking its own financial stability. While the healthcare crisis gets worse, and while more people discover how unsafe and unscientific majority of the U.S. healthcare organizations are, it’s time to find a way to change something with this strange reality. A lot of US citizens still consider the American healthcare system to be the superior among all other countries, and that the only significant problems it faces are its expensiveness and leaving too many patients uninsured. But the evidence shows that US people live shorter lives and have more disabilities and chronic diseases than people from other countries that spend hardly half as much money on healthcare. Putting more capital into the present healthcare system will not change that. Moreover, making the existing system more disjointed and motivated by short-term earnings will not help either. What will help is getting a lesson presented by the Veterans Health System that could show the way to an all-American healthcare problem solution. Research Papers on The Veterans Health Care SystemArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Fifth HorsemanThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBringing Democracy to Africa

African American History and Women Timeline 1970-1979

African American History and Women Timeline 1970-1979 [Previous] [Next] 1970 Cheryl Adrienne Brown, Miss New York, became the first African American contestant in the Miss America pageant(January 14) Diana Ross performs for the last time with the Supremes, and introduces Jean Terrell as her replacement with the group(August 7) Angela Davis, radical black activist and philosopher, was arrested as a suspected conspirator in the abortive attempt to free George Jackson from a courtroom in Marin County, Californiafirst issue of  Essence  published, a magazine targeted at black women 1971 (January 11) Mary J. Blige born (singer)Beverly Johnson appears on the cover of  Glamour, the first African American woman to be featured that way by a major fashion magazineThe Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) founded, an evolution from the Democratic Select Committee founded in 1969. Shirley Chisholm  was the only woman among the first 13 members. 1972 Mahalia Jackson died (gospel singer)Shirley Chisholm became the first African American woman candidate for President, with more than 150 delegate votes at the 1972 Democratic conventionBarbara Jordan elected to Congress, the first African American woman from a former Confederate state to be elected to the HouseYvonne Braithwaite Burke elected to Congress, the first black woman elected to the House from CaliforniaPatricia Roberts Harris became chair of the Democratic National Convention; Yvonne Braithwaite Burke was co-chair of the conventionHaitian boat people begin arriving in FloridaAngela Davis acquitted in California by an all-white jury  of charges from a 1970 shootout(January 27) Mahalia Jackson died (singer)(July 7) Lisa Leslie born (basketball player) 1973 Eleanor Holmes Norton and others found the National Black Feminist Organization.Marion Wright Edelson creates the Childrens Defense Fund.Cardiss Collins elected to Congress from a Chicago district, succeeding her husband 1974 Shirley Chisholm became the first African American woman elected to Congress   Alberta Williams King, Martin Luther King, Jr.s mother, and a deacon, were killed during services at Ebenezer Baptist Church 1975 Mary Bush Wilson becomes first African American woman board chair of the NAACP (the first chair, Mary White Ovington, was a white woman)Joanne Little acquitted of murder charges - she had stabbed a jailer with an ice pick to avoid sexual assaultLeontyne Price awarded Italys Order of Merit(April 12) Josephine Baker died of a stroke 1976 Barbara Jordan was the first woman and the first African American to give the keynote address at a national convention of the Democratic PartyJanie L. Mines becomes the first African  American woman to enter the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis.Clara Stanton Jones becomes the first African Amerian elected as President of the American Library AssociationPresident Jimmy Carter appoints Patricia Harris as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the first African American woman selected for the cabinet.Unita Blackwell elected mayor of Mayersville, becoming the first black woman mayor in Mississippigymnast Dominque Dawes born (won three Olympic medals)(February 26) Florence Ballard dies of a heart attack, age 32.   She was one of the original Supremes. 1977 first African American woman ordained as an Episcopal priest: Pauli Murraythe Daughters of the American Revolution admitted the first African American member, Karen Farmer, who traced her ancestry back to William HoodMabel Murphy Smythe appointed as ambassador to Cameroon(September 1) Ethel Waters died, age 80 (singer, actress) 1978 Faye Wattleton became president of the Planned Parenthood Federation the first woman and the first African American to hold that positionUnited States Postal Service issued a stamp honoring Harriet Tubman.Toni Morrison received the National Book Critics AwardJill Brown, flying for Texas International Airlines, is the first black female pilot for any commercial airline(March 29) Tina Turner divorces Ike Turner(June 28) in University of California v. Backke, Supreme Court limits federal affirmative action 1979 Hazel Winifred Johnson became the first African American woman appointed as a general in the US ArmyPatricia Harris, who had served as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, was appointed by President Carter as secretary of health, education and welfareBethune Museum and Archives established in Washington, DCLois Alexander opens the Black Fashion Museum in Harlem [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-] Janie L. Mines becomes the first African  American woman to enter the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis.

Competing in World Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Competing in World Markets - Essay Example t varies from one place to the other, for instance some regions witness high rates of poverty, hence low purchasing power and this undermines international trade. There are also economic barriers to international trade for example the famous global financial crisis which has led to high inflation and bailouts (Shah, 2011). Finally political barriers for example formation of trade bodies like world trade organization, (WTO). It is mandated to promote free and fair global trade but it has been criticized for serving the interests of rich countries therefore exploiting the poor ones (Shah, 2011). Political barriers are the most significant since politics involves power and allocation of resources and it dominates social, economic and cultural issues of trade. To curb the barriers, many businesses employ earned value technique to measure their progress. Earn value is a monitoring tool used to find out whether the budget and the planned time frame tallies with the actual work done to est ablish if the project is on track. There are barriers to smart earned value like cost, performance and quality. Opponents of the technique say that its implementation cost and efforts are enormous yet the derived benefits of implementation are limited (Tammo, 1999). This means that a business may spend a great deal to implement this project management tool but there may be low quality output. Cost barrier is the most difficult one to overcome since a business always need money to expand and operate. If more money is used to implement earned value technique then the business may run at squeezed profits or even at a loss due to high cost of

Case interpretation Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case interpretation - Research Paper Example These scenarios provide a basic idea about the challenges which might be faced by the business environment in order to survive in the marketplace in the year 2050 (Deutsche Post AG, 2012). Among these case scenarios, this paper aims to evaluate the state of affairs presented in the first scenario, titled as Untamed Economy – Impending Collapse. Furthermore, the paper will assess the challenges which might be faced by the logistic industry due to the most probable challenges in the business environment of 2050. It will also intend to identify the reasons and/or causing factors of these challenges. Case Scenario: Untamed Economy – Impending Collapse The entire world is distinguished with the assistance of unrestricted materialism and consumption. In addition, the rapid growth of international trade set the pace of business and economy all across the world. The advanced global transportation also ensures the frequent exchange of goods and services all across the internatio nal territories and/or boundaries. With this concern, it has been observed that the world economy is forced by unsustainable standard of living along with the uncontrolled exploration of natural resources which in turn creates a string negative impact over the stability of business environment. ... It is most likely to be disrupted by the frequent natural disasters which in turn can have strong influences on the global supply chain increasing capital costs in terms of logistic companies. Apart from this, the international trade is also quite likely to increase the demand of production processes by the companies in the global dais. Therefore, rising insufficiency of energy resources, higher energy prices and costlier raw materials shall lead to slackened profit margin in the industry sector. With this concern, operational managers of the global logistic industry should actively response to the disasters with the help of contingency planning (Operations Manager, 2012). It has further been observed that operational managers are mainly engaged with inventory management processes, shipping and receiving as well as hiring and training employees in the current day context. However, in such probable scenario of 2050, an operational manager shall need to focus on inventory management al ong with strong networking of supply chain according to the regional divergences in order to maintain the profit margin (Johnston & Clark, 2012). Challenges to be faced by the Logistic Industry in the Year 2050 In the year 2050, the logistic industry might have to face various challenges in terms of supply chain disruption, high energy prices, expensive raw materials and shrinking profit margins. In the upcoming eras, there are high chances for scarcity of resources due to the natural disasters and frequent climate changes which in turn shall create the nationalism and protectionist barriers across the international boundaries. Additionally, this might come up with